综述|脑深部电刺激治疗难治性抑郁症的靶点研究进展
【引用格式】徐佳婷,张陈诚,汤义平. 脑深部电刺激治疗难治性抑郁症的靶点研究进展[J]. 中国神经精神疾病杂志,2022,48(5):310-314.
【Cite this article】XU J T, ZHANG C C,TANG Y P. Targets of deep brain stimulation in the treatment-resistant depression:ongoing research and perspective[J]. Chin J Nervous Mental Dis,2022,48(5):310-314.
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-0152.2022.05.012
脑深部电刺激治疗难治性抑郁症的靶点研究进展
徐佳婷 张陈诚 汤义平
台州市第二人民医院心身科上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院功能神经外科
摘 要 近年来诸多研究表明深部脑电刺激(deep brain stimulation,DBS)对难治性抑郁症具有一定疗效,但个体最佳刺激靶点选择尚缺乏一致标准。临床研究已证实和尝试的DBS靶点中,胼胝体扣带回、腹侧内囊/腹侧纹状体、伏隔核研究相对成熟,其抗抑郁效果较明确且相对安全,内侧前脑束靶点具有一定潜力,丘脑下脚、外侧缰核和终纹床核等靶点多为小样本病例报告,缺乏重复性研究支持。因难治性抑郁症异质性大,且DBS为有创治疗,目前研究存在一定挑战。而结合临床特点和生物学标识的个体化、精准化刺激靶点是未来值得研究的方向。关键词
脑深部电刺激;难治性抑郁症;重性抑郁障碍;治疗;靶点;胼胝体扣带回;腹侧内囊/腹侧纹状体;伏隔核
临床中将经过至少两种不同机制的抗抑郁药物足量、足疗程、规范化治疗后仍无明显改善的抑郁症定义为难治性抑郁症(treatment-resistant depression,TRD)[1]。即便是接受规范化治疗的抑郁症患者,大约仍有30%成为TRD患者[2]。TRD治疗成本更高,疾病负担更重[1 概述
临床研究已证实和尝试的DBS靶点包括胼胝体扣带回(Brodmann area 25/subcallosal cingulate,SCC)、腹侧内囊/腹侧纹状体(ventral capsule/ventral striatum,VC/VS)、丘脑下脚(inferior thalamic peduncle,ITP)、伏隔核(nucleus accumbens,NAc)、外侧缰核(lateral habenula,LHb)、内侧前脑束(medial forebrain bundle,MFB)和终纹床核(bed nucleus of the stria terminalis,BNST)。这些靶点的选择往往基于:①情绪调节回路中的功能靶点;②靶点的功能核团与单胺类神经核团密切相关;③动物模型或其他神经精神疾病的治疗中,观察到该靶点具有改善情绪的作用[10]。DBS治疗TRD效果评估的量表很多,常用的主要有汉密尔顿抑郁量表(Hamilton depression rating scale, HDRS)和蒙哥马利-艾森贝格抑郁量表(Montgomery-Asberg depression rating scale,MADRS),治疗后抑郁评分较基线下降50%以上称为有效[11]。DBS治疗TRD研究中靶点与疗效情况汇总如表1。表1 DBS治疗TRD研究中靶点与疗效情况汇总注:SCC,胼胝体扣带回;VC/VS,腹侧内囊/腹侧纹状体;ITP,丘脑下脚;NAc,伏隔核;LHb,外侧缰核;MFB,内侧前脑束;BNST,终纹床核;HDRS,汉密尔顿抑郁量表;MADRS,蒙哥马利-阿斯伯格抑郁量表。
2 各靶点研究
2.1 胼胝体扣带回(SCC) SCC(Brodmann 25区)对负性情绪调节起着关键作用[12]。MAYBERG等[13]最初报道,以SCC为靶点治疗TRD患者,6例中的4例在治疗6个月内抑郁症状有明显改善。KENNEDY等[14]报道20例TRD患者以SCC作为靶点进行DBS治疗并长期随访,以HDRS和简明健康状况调查表(36-item short form,SF-36)为评估工具,结果表明第1年有效率为62.5%,第2年为46.2%,第3年为75%,随访3~6年平均有效率为64.3%。CROWELL等[15]研究纳入28例TRD患者,以SCC作为靶点进行DBS治疗,随访4~8年,其中21例患者在随访期间抑郁症状有较明显的改善。另一项长达2年的开放性研究纳入10例重性抑郁障碍患者和7例双相障碍Ⅱ型患者,以SCC作为靶点进行DBS治疗,结果显示1年后5例缓解,2年后11例(8例重性抑郁障碍和3例双相障碍)缓解,该研究表明抗抑郁效果和较长时期的DBS刺激相关[16]。此外,有研究显示以SCC为靶点的DBS治疗可以改善TRD患者的记忆、执行和运动功能[17]。但也有一项纳入90例(真刺激组60例,假刺激组30例)患者的对照试验,以SCC为靶点进行为期6个月的DBS治疗,未观察到显著的抗抑郁效果,分析可能与治疗时间过短有关[18]。DBS治疗TRD的SCC靶点目前研究最充分,大部分研究显示该靶点治疗有效,但也有阴性结果,未来需进一步明确治疗时间和治疗策略。2.2 腹侧内囊/腹侧纹状体(VC/VS) VC/VS是一个复杂的区域,与伏隔核紧密连接,包括多种与情绪行为相关的白质束和皮质下灰质结构。该区域结构密集、功能多样,使得电极放置或电场大小的细微变化容易引起额外的电生理活动,出现一些预期外的运动反应。早在2008年,有一项多中心的开放性试验对15例TRD患者以VC/VS为靶点进行DBS治疗,经过6个月至4年随访,以MADRS、HDRS和功能大体评定量表(global assessment function,GAF)为评估指标,结果显示6个月时6例(40%)有效,48个月时8例(53%)有效,MADRS从基线期(34.8±7.3)分下降至(15.7±11.0)分,HDRS从基线期(33.1±5.5)分下降至(14.3±9.3)分,GAF从基线期(43.4±2.8)分提升至(61.8±13.1)分,这为DBS以VC/VS为靶点治疗TRD提供了希望[19]。近期有研究报道25例TRD患者以VC作为靶点进行DBS治疗并随访2年,通过HDRS、MADRS和抑郁症状自评量表来评估疗效,结果显示11例(44.4%)患者有效并效果保持稳定[20]。但DOUGHERTY等[21]对34例(真刺激组18例,假刺激组16例)TRD患者以VC/VS为靶点进行16周DBS治疗的真假刺激对照试验,以MADRS评分作为评估指标,研究显示两组之间疗效并无统计学差异,分析这可能与治疗时间偏短有关。此外,有个案报告1例TRD患者在接受以VC/VS作为靶点的DBS治疗32个月后,出现了与刺激电压相关的Tourette样症状,通过调整电压刺激方案缓解了该症状[22]。DBS治疗TRD的VC/VS靶点目前研究相对充分,多数研究表明治疗有效,但有效率偏低,同时也有阴性结果,未来仍需进一步明确。2.3 丘脑下脚(ITP) ITP包含连接前额叶皮质、眶额回皮质、前膝部扣带回与丘脑的纤维,这些区域构成与抑郁状态相关的“联想”与“边缘”环路[23]。有研究报告以ITP作为靶点进行DBS治疗1例TRD患者,结果表明持续的刺激能有效改善抑郁症状,停止刺激后抑郁症状并未立即复发,随访10个月后才观察到抑郁情绪的波动[23]。JIMÉNEZ等[24]对1例重性抑郁障碍患者以ITP为靶点进行DBS治疗,随访12个月,患者HDRS评分从42分降至最后的6分。目前该靶点的相关研究均为个案报告,尚不足以证明该靶点的疗效。2.4 伏隔核(NAc) 快感缺失是抑郁症的三大核心症状之一,而NAc在奖赏系统中起关键作用。有研究以NAc为靶点DBS治疗10例TRD患者,10例患者焦虑症状均改善,5例患者抑郁症状改善,抑郁症状有效的患者焦虑症状改善更明显[25]。有研究对11例TRD患者以NAc作为靶点的DBS治疗进行长达4年的随访,结果显示其具有稳定的抗抑郁和抗焦虑作用,并且患者的生活质量改善[26]。尽管目前研究总样本量不大,NAc靶点可能是治疗TRD的一种选择。2.5 外侧缰核(LHb) 单胺假说在抑郁症的发病机制中占有重要地位。5-羟色胺能神经元大多分布于中缝核,去甲肾上腺素能神经元大多分布于蓝斑核,两个核团某种程度上会受到缰核复合体的控制[27]。有文献报道以LHb作为靶点的DBS可显著改善大鼠的抑郁样症状,并且能增加外周血清和大脑中5-羟色胺、去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺等单胺递质的浓度[28]。SARTORIUS等[29]首次报告了1例TRD患者以LHb为治疗靶点进行DBS治疗,结果显示该患者抑郁症状得到改善。目前该靶点以动物研究为主,临床研究样本量太少,尚不足以证明该靶点的真实疗效。2.6 内侧前脑束(MFB) MFB同样在奖赏系统中起着关键作用,内侧前脑束上外侧支(superolateral branch of the medial forebrain bundle,slMFB)具有参与寻求奖赏体验和形成欲望动机的作用。SCHLAEPFER等[30]对7例TRD患者以slMFB为靶点的DBS治疗进行3~8个月随访,以MADRS评分作为评估指标,结果显示有效率86%(6例)、缓解率57%(4例)。BEWERNICK等[31]对8例TRD患者接受slMFB为靶点的DBS治疗进行随访观察,结果表明在刺激12个月时6例(75%)有效、4例(50%)缓解,持续4年的随访显示疗效稳定。也有研究对2例TRD患者以slMFB作为靶点的DBS治疗进行随访观察,并进行开机/关机双盲交叉试验,虽然有1例在刺激后焦虑症状减轻,但2例患者抑郁症状并无明显改善[32]。该靶点具有一定的潜力,较多针对该靶点的DBS临床试验正在研究中,但目前仍缺乏足够的样本量。2.7 终纹床核(BNST) BNST是一个小而复杂的脑区结构,它从伏隔核延伸至杏仁核,并且有多个分支,与情绪中枢杏仁核和下丘脑有纤维连接[33]。对5例TRD患者以BNST为靶点进行DBS的开放性试验研究结果显示,2例缓解、2例有效和1例无效[34]。也有文献对1例TRD患者以BNST为靶点DBS治疗进行1年的随访,结果显示持续刺激1年后其Beck抑郁自评量表(第Ⅱ版)评分从29分减至4分,且认知功能也有所改善[35]。迄今为止,将BNST作为DBS治疗靶点的研究样本量有限,有待进一步探索研究。3 总结与展望
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Targets of deep brain stimulation in the treatment-resistant depression:ongoing research and perspective
XU Jiating ZHANG Chencheng TANG Yiping
Taizhou Second People's Hospital
Abstract:
Several researches have recently proposed that deep brain stimulation (DBS) has certain curative effect on treatment-resistant depression (TRD). However, there is still a lack of consistent criteria for the selection of the best stimulation target. Among confirmed and attempted DBS targets, Brodmann area 25/subcallosal cingulate, ventral internal capsule / ventral striatum and nucleus accumbens are relatively mature and their antidepressant effect is relatively clear and safe. The targets of the medial forebrain tract have certain potentials. The targets of the subthalamic foot, nucleus accumbens, lateral habenular nucleus, medial forebrain tract and bed nucleus of stria terminalis are mostly small sample case reports, lacking repetitive research support. Due to the large heterogeneity of TRD and the invasive treatment of DBS, there are some challenges in the current research. The individualized and precise stimulation targets combined with clinical characteristics and biological markers are worth studying in the future.
Keywords:
Deep brain stimulation;Treatment-resistant depression;Major depressive disorder;Therapeutics;Targets;Brodmann area 25/subcallosal cingulate;Ventral internal capsule / ventral striatum;Nucleus accumbens
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初审:甘章平
审核:邢世会
审定发布:张为西